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Journal of Child Neurology

Journal of Child Neurology


eISSN: 17088283 | ISSN: 08830738 | Current volume: 38 | Current issue: 13-14 Frequency: 14 Times/YearTimes/Year



Each monthly issue of Journal of Child Neurology (JCN) embraces interdisciplinary and peer-reviewed clinical and investigative studies from a wide-variety of neuroscience disciplines, including child neurology, pediatric neurosurgery, pediatric neuroradiology, child and adolescent psychiatry, pediatric neuropsychology, developmental and behavioral pediatrics, and developmental neurobiology. Articles in JCN cover topics ranging from assessment of new and changing therapies and procedures; diagnosis, evaluation, and management of neurologic, neuropsychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders; pathophysiology of central nervous system diseases; and neuroradiologic and imaging evaluations. Focusing on the special needs of neurologic patients from birth to age 18 years, JCN offers highly-cited cutting-edge original articles and case reports (brief communications) written by leading international specialists. Each issue highlights the topics useful in everyday clinical practice, such as:

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • Behavior Disorders, Learning Disabilities, and Autism
  • Brain Development and Malformations
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Epilepsy and Febrile Seizures
  • Genetic and Metabolic Disorders
  • Headache
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Movement Disorders
  • Neonatal Seizures
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Neuromuscular Disorders
  • Neurorehabilitation
  • Stroke in Children
  • Traumatic Brain Injuries
  • Tumors

Each year, Journal of Child Neurology offers a special issue featuring state-of-the-art review articles from the NIH-funded “Neurobiology of Disease in Children” symposium at the Child Neurology Society annual meeting and access to these articles is free online during the following year. Previous topics include: Childhood Ataxia (2012), Cerebrovascular Disease (2011), Muscular Dystrophy (2010), Injury to the Preterm Brain and Cerebral Palsy (2009), Central Nervous Systems Tumors (2008), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (2007), Tourette Syndrome (2006), Rett's Syndrome (2005), Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (2004), Leukodystrophies (2003), and Neurofibromatosis (2002). Additionally, JCN frequently publishes special supplement issues on important topics in epilepsy and other areas.

Subscribe today to the premier journal for clinically based information on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of children and adolescents with neurologic disorders.

This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) 

Journal of Child Neurology (JCN) is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed biomedical journal publishing articles in the fields of child neurology, pediatric neurosurgery, pediatric neuroradiology, child psychiatry, pediatric neuropsychology, developmental and behavior pediatrics, pediatric neuroscience, and developmental neurobiology.

Editor-in-Chief
Marc C. Patterson, MD, FRACP Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Deputy Editor
Alison Christy, MD, PhD Providence Health and Services, Portland, OR, USA
Senior Associate Editor
John Bodensteiner, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Associate Editor - Behavioral Neurology
Autumn Ivy, MD, PhD Children’s Hospital of California, University of California - Irvine, CA, USA
Kyle Steinman, MD, MAS Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
Associate Editor - Biostatistics
Yinding Wang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Associate Editor - Book Reviews
Margie Ream, MD, PhD Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Associate Editors - Fetal/Neonatal Neuroscience
Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, DNB, MNAMS Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Tally Lerman-Sagie, MD Wolfson Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Associate Editor - Emergency Neurology and Neuro Critical Care
Associate Editor – Epilepsy
Angela Curcio, MD Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Aliya Frederick, MD, PhD University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Inna Hughes, MD, PhD University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Laura Kirkpatrick, MD UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Douglas Nordli, MD Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Phillip L. Pearl Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Associate Editor – Headache
Joanne Kacperski, MD, FAHS Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Associate Editor- International
Aviva Fattal-Valevski, MD, MHA Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Associate Editor - Infections of the Nervous System
Daniel Bonthius, MD, PhD University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Associate Editor - Leukodystrophy
Denia Ramirez-Montealegre University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA
Associate Editor - Medical Education and Humanities
Ronald Seese Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
Associate Editor – MS and demyelinating disorders:
Jan-Mendelt Tillema, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Associate Editor for Neurobiology of Disease Symposia
Bernard Maria, MD, MBA Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
Associate Editor – Neurogenetics
Andrea Gropman, MD Children's National Medical Center, Children's Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
Associate Editor - Neurohistory
Lawrence A. Zeidman, MD University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Associate Editor – Neuroimaging
Harry T. Chugani, MD New York University, NY, USA
Associate Editor - Neuroimmunology
Geetanjali Rathore Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Associate Editor - Neuromuscular Disorders
Michele Yang, MD Children's Hospital Colorado, USA
Associate Editor - Pediatric Neuro-Oncology
Timothy R. Gershon University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Associate Editor – Sleep
Suresh Kotagal Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Associate Editor - Special Issues
James W. Wheless, MD The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Associate Editor - Stroke and Vascular Neurology
Catherine Amlie-Lefond, MD University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Jenny Wilson Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
Founding Editor
Editorial Board
Pasquale J. Accardo, MD Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
Guillermo Agosta, MD Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Gulay Alper, MD Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Banu Anlar, MD Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Shawn C. Aylward, MD Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Nigel Bamford Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Ian J. Butler, MD UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
Keith Coffman, MD Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
Abigail Collins, MD Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
Anne Comi, MD Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
Shlomi Constantini, MD, MSc Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Patricia K. Crumrine, MD Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Emily de los Reyes, MD The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Aron J. Diament, MD University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Michael M. Dowling, MD, PhD UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Michael Duchowny, MD Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
Kevin C. Ess, MD, PhD Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
Jason Fangusaro, MD Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Donna M. Ferriero, MD University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Francis M. Filloux, MD University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Laura Flores-Sarnat, MD University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, USA
Stephen Fulton, MD University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Thomas J. Geller, MD St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Amy C. Goldstein, MD Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Meredith Golomb, MD Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
William Graf, MD Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Lorie Hamiwka, MD Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
Kenton R. Holden, MD Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
Mackenzie Howard, PhD University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
Keith Hyland, PhD Horizon Molecular Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Rebecca Ichord, MD Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Christine Imms, MD Australian Catholic University in Melbourne, Australia
Yuwu Jiang, MD, PhD Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
Sergiusz Jóžwiak, MD Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
Stanley D. Johnsen, MD St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Lori Jordan, MD Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Makiko Kaga, MD National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
Angelina M. Kakooza, MMed Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda
Edward M. Kaye, MD Stoke Therapeutics, Bedford, MA, USA
Gesina Keating, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Marjolijh Ketelaar, PhD University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
Mary Kay Koenig, MD University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
Alfried Kohlschütter, MD University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
Mark S. Korson, MD Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Barry E. Kosofsky, MD, PhD Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
Eric Heath Kossoff, MD Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Michael Kruer, MD Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
Paul D. Larsen, MD University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Mark Libenson, MD Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Taryn Liu, MD Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
Kenneth J. Mack, MD, PhD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Annette Majnemer, OT, PhD McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Macpherson Mallewa, MBBS, PhD, MRCP Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
Elysa Marco, MD University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Bernard Maria, MD, MBA Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
Harold Marks, MD Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Hugh McMillan, MD, DSc University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Douglas C. Miller, MD, PhD University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
Steven Miller  
Jonathan Mink, MD, PhD University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Mark Mintz, MD The Center for Neurological and Neurodevelopmental Health, Voorhees, NJ, USA
Wendy G. Mitchell, MD Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Leslie A. Morrison, MD University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Kathryn North, MD, FRACP Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Hope O'Brien, MD, FAHS Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Hema Patel, MD Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
Kristina E. Patrick, PhD, ABPP, BCBA University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Milivoj Velickovic Perat, MD University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Danielle Pier, MD MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
Sigita Plioplys, MD Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
Deborah L. Renaud Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Wammanda D. Robinson, FWACP Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
Michael Rotstein Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Pauline Samia, MPhil Aga Khan University-Nairobi, Kenya
Harvey B. Sarnat, MD Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
G. Bradley Schaefer, MD University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, USA
L. Gail Scher, MBBCh, MMed, FCPaeds (SA) Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa
Nina Felice Schor, MD, PhD University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Namrata Shah, MD The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Renée Shellhaas University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Michael Shevell, MD McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Pratibha Singhi, MD Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chandigarh, India
Lalitha Sivaswamy, MD Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
John Slopis, MD The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Steven P. Sparagana, MD Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
Kyle Steinman, MD, MAS Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
Ann H. Tilton, MD Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
Alcy R. Torres, MD Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Nerija Viaciene-Magistris, MD Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
Nathan Watemberg, MD Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Mary Anne Whelan, MD, PhD The Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, Cooperstown, New York, NY, USA
Jo Madeleine Wilmshurst, MB, BS, MRCP, FCP University of Cape Town, South Africa
Elaine C. Wirrell, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Max Wiznitzer, MD Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Gordon Worley, MD Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Joanna Wrede, MD Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
Yvonne Wu, MD, MPH University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Director, Residents and Fellows Board
Sonika Agarwal, MBBS, MD, DNB, MNAMS Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Editorial Board – Resident/Fellow Section
Richard B. Carozza, MD Vanderbilt Children's Hospital
Eva Catenaccio, MD Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Hsiao-Tuan Chao, MD, PhD Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Angela Curcio, MD Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Louis Dang, MD, PhD University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Danielle de Campo, MD Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Radhika Dhamija, MBBS Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Eleni Drakou, MD Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center
Wendy Edlund, MD Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
Kathryn Elkins, MD Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Whitney Fitts, MD Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Aliya Frederick, MD, PhD University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Daniel Freedman, MD Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
Dawn Gano, MD University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Katie Ihnen, MD Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Bianca C. Kapoor-Heaphy, MD Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Dennis Keselman, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Evan Lewis, MD SickKids Hospital - Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Grant L. Lin, MD, PhD Stanford University, Department of Neurology
Nehali Mehta, MD Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Maksim Parfyonov British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Ashmitha Raja Wakeforest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Praveen K. Ramani UAMS College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital
Praveen Kumar Ramani, MD UAMS College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital
Ronald R. Seese, MD, PhD Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
David Stark, MD Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Sara Trowbridge, MD Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
Michelle Tutmaher, MD Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Marissa Vawter, MD Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Jo Jo Yang, MD Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Alex Zygmunt, MD Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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  • The Journal of Child Neurology (JCN) embraces peer-reviewed clinical and investigative studies from a wide-variety of neuroscience disciplines. Focusing on the needs of neurologic patients from birth to age 18 years, JCN covers topics ranging from assessment of new and changing therapies and procedures; diagnosis, evaluation, and management of neurologic, neuropsychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders; and pathophysiology of central nervous system diseases.

    This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics.

    This journal recommends that authors follow the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals formulated by the International Committee on Medical Journal Editors (ICJME).

    Please read the guidelines below then visit the JCN submission site http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cnjournals to upload your manuscript. Please note that manuscripts not conforming to these guidelines may be returned. Only manuscripts of sufficient quality that meet the aims and scopes of JCN will be reviewed.

    Sage Publishing disseminates high-quality research and engaged scholarship globally, and we are committed to diversity and inclusion in publishing. We encourage submissions from a diverse range of authors from across all countries and backgrounds.

    There are no fees payable to submit or publish in this Journal. Open Access options are available - see section 3.3 below.

    As part of the submission process you will be required to warrant that you are submitting your original work, that you have the rights in the work, that you are submitting the work for first publication in the Journal and that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere and ahs not already been published elsewhere, and that you have obtained and can supply all necessary permissions for the reproduction of any copyright works not owned by you.

    If you or your funder wish your article to be freely available online to nonsubscribers immediately upon publication (gold open access), you can opt for it to be included in Sage Choice, subject to the payment of a publication fee. The manuscript submission and peer review procedure is unchanged. On acceptance of your article, you will be asked to let Sage know directly if you are choosing Sage Choice. To check journal eligibility and the publication fee, please visit Sage Choice. For more information on open access options and compliance at Sage, including self/author archiving deposits (green open access) visit Sage Publishing Policies on our Journal Author Gateway.

    Please read the guidelines below then visit the Journal’s submission site https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/childneurology to upload your manuscript. Please note that manuscripts not conforming to these guidelines may be returned. 

    Only manuscripts of sufficient quality that meet the aims and scope of the Journal of Child Neurology will be reviewed. Please note: Case Reports are not considered for publication in JCN, but are considered for Child Neurology Open. 

    1. What do we publish?
    1.1    Aims & Scope
    1.2    Article types
    1.3    Writing your paper

    2. Editorial policies
    2.1 Peer review policy
    2.2 Authorship
    2.3 Acknowledgements
    2.4 Funding
    2.5 Declaration of conflicting interests
    2.6 Research ethics and patient consent
    2.7 Clinical trials
    2.8 Reporting guidelines
    2.9 Data

    3. Publishing polices
    3.1    Publication ethics
    3.2    Contributor’s publishing agreement
    3.3    Open access and author archiving

    4. Preparing your manuscript
    4.1 Formatting 
    4.2 Artwork, figures and other graphics
    4.3 Supplementary material
    4.4 Reference style
    4.5 English language editing services

    5. Submitting your manuscript
    5.1 ORCID
    5.2 Information required for completing your submission
    5.3 Permissions

    6. On acceptance and publication
    6.1 Sage Production
    6.2 Online First publication
    6.3 Access to your published article
    6.4 Promoting your article

    7. Further information
        

    1. What do we publish?

    1.1 Aims & Scope
    Before submitting your manuscript to the Journal of Child Neurology, please ensure you have read the Aims & Scope 

    1.2 Article types

    Original Article: Investigative studies and clinical case series; no more than 150 references. Papers should be organized as such:
    Introduction or Background / Patients and Methods or Materials and Methods / Results / Discussion / Conclusion. Abstract should be limited to 150 words. We generally advise that original research be somewhere between 4000-6000 words, no more than 150 references.
    Correspondence: Comments on previously published material. Authors of the article referenced in the Correspondence will be contacted for a response, and the Correspondence and Author’s response will both be considered for publication. Only one letter may be submitted by a single author or author group regarding a paper published in JCN.
    Topical Review Article: Comprehensive subject review, the abstract should be limited to 150 words. Reviews can be up to 8000 words and no more than 200 references.
    Book Reviews: Authors must assure that manuscripts conform to the style guidelines of the AMA Manual of Style. Abstracts should be 150 words or less.
    Case Report/Series: JCN will consider a limited number of case reports for review. Case reports must add value, for example by either describing a mechanism of disease or underrecognized feature in the case.
    Case reports should be approximately 1200 words in length and must have an unstructured abstract of approximately 150 words, up to 15 references, and one or two figures and tables. They should be structured for peer review as follows: title page (including title, all authors and affiliations, contact details and keywords), abstract, introduction, case, discussion/conclusion, acknowledgements, funding acknowledgements, declaration of conflict of interest, references, and figure and table legends. Figures and tables should be submitted as separate files.
    Case Reports must include both an Ethics statement and Patient Consent statement. Please refer to this template for the appropriate statements to include with your report. 

    1.3 Writing your paper
    The Sage Author Gateway has some general advice and on how to get published, plus links to further resources.

    1.3.1 Make your article discoverable
    When writing up your paper, think about how you can make it discoverable. The title, keywords and abstract are key to ensuring readers find your article through search engines such as Google. For information and guidance on how best to title your article, write your abstract and select your keywords, have a look at this page on the Gateway: How to Help Readers Find Your Article Online 

    2. Editorial policies

    2.1 Peer review policy
    The Journal of Child Neurology is committed to delivering high quality, fast peer-review for your paper, and as such has partnered with Publons. Publons is a third party service that seeks to track, verify and give credit for peer review. Reviewers for the Journal of Child Neurology can opt in to Publons in order to claim their reviews or have them automatically verified and added to their reviewer profile. Reviewers claiming credit for their review will be associated with the relevant journal, but the article name, reviewer’s decision and the content of their review is not published on the site. For more information visit the Publons website.

    The Editor or members of the Editorial Board may occasionally submit their own manuscripts for possible publication in the journal. In these cases, the peer review process will be managed by alternative members of the Board and the submitting Editor/Board member will have no involvement in the decision-making process.

    2.2 Authorship
    Papers should only be submitted for consideration once consent is given by all contributing authors. Those submitting papers should carefully check that all those whose work contributed to the paper are acknowledged as contributing authors. 
    The list of authors should include all those who can legitimately claim authorship. This is all those who:

    (i)    Made a substantial contribution to the concept or design of the work; or acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data,
    (ii)    Drafted the article or revised it critically for important intellectual content,
    (iii)    Approved the version to be published, 
    (iv)    Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.

    Authors should meet the conditions of all of the points above. When a large, multicentre group has conducted the work, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript. These individuals should fully meet the criteria for authorship. 

    Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alone does not constitute authorship, although all contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in the Acknowledgments section. Please refer to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship guidelines for more information on authorship.

    Please note that AI chatbots, for example ChatGPT, should not be listed as authors. For more information see the policy on Use of ChatGPT and generative AI tools.

    2.3 Acknowledgements
    All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in an Acknowledgements section. Examples of those who might be acknowledged include a person who provided purely technical help, or a department chair who provided only general support. 

    Any acknowledgements should appear first at the end of your article prior to your Declaration of Conflicting Interests (if applicable), any notes and your References.]

    2.3.1 Third party submissions

    Where an individual who is not listed as an author submits a manuscript on behalf of the author(s), a statement must be included in the Acknowledgements section of the manuscript and in the accompanying cover letter. The statements must:

    •    Disclose this type of editorial assistance – including the individual’s name, company and level of input 
    •    Identify any entities that paid for this assistance 
    •    Confirm that the listed authors have authorized the submission of their manuscript via third party and approved any statements or declarations, e.g. conflicting interests, funding, etc.

    Where appropriate, Sage reserves the right to deny consideration to manuscripts submitted by a third party rather than by the authors themselves.

    2.3.2 Writing assistance

    Individuals who provided writing assistance, e.g. from a specialist communications company, do not qualify as authors and so should be included in the Acknowledgements section. Authors must disclose any writing assistance – including the individual’s name, company and level of input – and identify the entity that paid for this assistance. It is not necessary to disclose use of language polishing services.

    2.4 Funding 
    The Journal of Child Neurology requires all authors to acknowledge their funding in a consistent fashion under a separate heading.  Please visit the Funding Acknowledgements page on the Sage Journal Author Gateway to confirm the format of the acknowledgment text in the event of funding, or state that: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. 

    2.5 Declaration of conflicting interests
    It is the policy of the Journal of Child Neurology to require a declaration of conflicting interests from all authors enabling a statement to be carried within the paginated pages of all published articles. 
    Please ensure that a ‘Declaration of Conflicting Interests’ statement is included at the end of your manuscript, after any acknowledgements and prior to the references. If no conflict exists, please state that ‘The Author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest’. For guidance on conflict of interest statements, please see the ICMJE recommendations here.

    2.6 Research ethics and patient consent
    Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki

    Submitted manuscripts should conform to the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals, and all papers reporting animal and/or human studies must state in the methods section that the relevant Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board provided (or waived) approval. Please ensure that you have provided the full name and institution of the review committee, in addition to the approval number.

    For research articles, authors are also required to state in the methods section whether participants provided informed consent and whether the consent was written or verbal.

    Information on informed consent to report individual cases or case series should be included in the manuscript text. A statement is required regarding whether written informed consent for patient information and images to be published was provided by the patient(s) or a legally authorized representative.

    Please also refer to the ICMJE Recommendations for the Protection of Research Participants .

    All research involving animals submitted for publication must be approved by an ethics committee with oversight of the facility in which the studies were conducted. The Journal has adopted the ARRIVE guidelines.

    2.7 Clinical trials
    The Journal of Child Neurology conforms to the ICMJE requirement that clinical trials are registered in a WHO-approved public trials registry at or before the time of first patient enrolment as a condition of consideration for publication. The trial registry name and URL, and registration number must be included at the end of the abstract.

    2.8 Reporting guidelines 
    The relevant EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines should be followed depending on the type of study. For example, all randomized controlled trials submitted for publication should include a completed CONSORT flow chart as a cited figure and the completed CONSORT checklist should be uploaded with your submission as a supplementary file. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses should include the completed PRISMA flow chart as a cited figure and the completed PRISMA checklist should be uploaded with your submission as a supplementary file. The EQUATOR wizard can help you identify the appropriate guideline. 

    Other resources can be found at NLM’s Research Reporting Guidelines and Initiatives

    2.9 Data 
    Sage acknowledges the importance of research data availability as an integral part of the research and verification process for academic journal articles.

    The Journal of Child Neurology requests all authors submitting any primary data used in their research articles alongside their article submissions to be published in the online version of the journal, or provide detailed information in their articles on how the data can be obtained. This information should include links to third-party data repositories or detailed contact information for third-party data sources. Data available only on an author-maintained website will need to be loaded onto either the journal’s platform or a third-party platform to ensure continuing accessibility. Examples of data types include but are not limited to statistical data files, replication code, text files, audio files, images, videos, appendices, and additional charts and graphs necessary to understand the original research. The editor(s) may consider limited embargoes on proprietary data. The editor(s) can also grant exceptions for data that cannot legally or ethically be released. All data submitted should comply with Institutional or Ethical Review Board requirements and applicable government regulations. For further information, please contact the editorial office at erin.obrien@sagepub.com.

    3. Publishing Policies

    3.1 Publication ethics
    Sage is committed to upholding the integrity of the academic record. We encourage authors to refer to the Committee on Publication Ethics’ International Standards for Authors and view the Publication Ethics page on the Sage Author Gateway

    3.1.1 Plagiarism
    The Journal of Child Neurology and Sage take issues of copyright infringement, plagiarism or other breaches of best practice in publication very seriously. We seek to protect the rights of our authors and we always investigate claims of plagiarism or misuse of published articles. Equally, we seek to protect the reputation of the journal against malpractice. Submitted articles may be checked with duplication-checking software. Where an article, for example, is found to have plagiarised other work or included third-party copyright material without permission or with insufficient acknowledgement, or where the authorship of the article is contested, we reserve the right to take action including, but not limited to: publishing an erratum or corrigendum (correction); retracting the article; taking up the matter with the head of department or dean of the author's institution and/or relevant academic bodies or societies; or taking appropriate legal action.

    3.1.2 Prior publication
    If material has been previously published it is not generally acceptable for publication in a Sage journal. However, there are certain circumstances where previously published material can be considered for publication. Please refer to the guidance on the Sage Author Gateway or if in doubt, contact the Editor at the address given below.

    3.2 Contributor’s publishing agreement    
    Before publication, Sage requires the author as the rights holder to sign a Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement. Sage’s Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement is an exclusive licence agreement which means that the author retains copyright in the work but grants Sage the sole and exclusive right and licence to publish for the full legal term of copyright. Exceptions may exist where an assignment of copyright is required or preferred by a proprietor other than Sage. In this case copyright in the work will be assigned from the author to the society. For more information please visit the Sage Author Gateway.

    3.3 Open access and author archiving 
    The Journal of Child Neurology offers optional open access publishing via the Sage Choice programme and Open Access agreements, where authors can publish open access either discounted or free of charge depending on the agreement with Sage. Find out if your institution is participating by visiting Open Access Agreements at Sage. For more information on Open Access publishing options at Sage please visit Sage Open Access. For information on funding body compliance, and depositing your article in repositories, please visit Sage’s Author Archiving and Re-Use Guidelines and Publishing Policies.

    4. Preparing your manuscript for submission
                    
    4.1 Formatting 
    The preferred format for your manuscript is Word. LaTeX files are also accepted. Word and (La)Tex templates are available on the Manuscript Submission Guidelines page of our Author Gateway.

    4.2 Artwork, figures and other graphics
    For guidance on the preparation of illustrations, pictures and graphs in electronic format, please visit Sage’s Manuscript Submission Guidelines.  

    Figures supplied in colour will appear in colour online regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For specifically requested colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Sage after receipt of your accepted article. 

    4.3 Supplementary material
    This journal is able to host additional materials online (e.g. datasets, podcasts, videos, images etc) alongside the full-text of the article. For more information please refer to our guidelines on submitting supplementary files.

    4.4 Reference style
    JCN adheres to the AMA reference style. Additional information on manuscript preparation can be obtained from the website http://www.icmje.org/ or from the following sources: 
    1. http://library.nymc.edu/informatics/amastyle.cfm
    2. https://endnote.com/style_download/jama-journal-of-the-american-medical-association-ama-10th-edition/

    4.5 English language editing services
    Authors seeking assistance with English language editing, translation, or figure and manuscript formatting to fit the journal’s specifications should consider using Sage Language Services. Visit Sage Language Services on our Journal Author Gateway for further information. 

    5. Submitting your manuscript

    The Journal of Child Neurology is hosted on Sage Track, a web based online submission and peer review system powered by ScholarOne™ Manuscripts. Visit https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/childneurology to login and submit your article online. 

    IMPORTANT: Please check whether you already have an account in the system before trying to create a new one. If you have reviewed or authored for the journal in the past year it is likely that you will have had an account created.  For further guidance on submitting your manuscript online please visit ScholarOne Online Help.

    5.1 ORCID
    As part of our commitment to ensuring an ethical, transparent and fair peer review process Sage is a supporting member of ORCID, the Open Researcher and Contributor ID. ORCID provides a persistent digital identifier that distinguishes researchers from every other researcher and, through integration in key research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission, supports automated linkages between researchers and their professional activities ensuring that their work is recognised.

    We encourage all authors to add their ORCIDs to their Sage Track accounts and include their ORCIDs as part of the submission process. If you do not already have an ORCID iD please follow this link to create one or visit our ORCID homepage to learn more.

    5.2 Information required for completing your submission
    You will be asked to provide contact details and academic affiliations for all co-authors via the submission system and identify who is to be the corresponding author. These details must match what appears on your manuscript. At this stage please ensure you have included all the required statements and declarations and uploaded any additional supplementary files (including reporting guidelines where relevant).

    5.3 Permissions
    Please also ensure that you have obtained any necessary permission from copyright holders for reproducing any illustrations, tables, figures or lengthy quotations previously published elsewhere. For further information including guidance on fair dealing for criticism and review, please see the Copyright and Permissions page on the Sage Author Gateway.

    6. On acceptance and publication            

    6.1 Sage Production
    Your Sage Production Editor will keep you informed as to your article’s progress throughout the production process. Proofs will be sent by PDF to the corresponding author and should be returned promptly.  Authors are reminded to check their proofs carefully to confirm that all author information, including names, affiliations, sequence and contact details are correct, and that Funding and Conflict of Interest statements, if any, are accurate. 

    6.2 Online First publication 
    Online First allows final articles (completed and approved articles awaiting assignment to a future issue) to be published online prior to their inclusion in a journal issue, which significantly reduces the lead time between submission and publication. Visit the Sage Journals help page for more details, including how to cite Online First articles.

    6.3 Access to your published article 
    Sage provides authors with online access to their final article.

    6.4 Promoting your article
    Publication is not the end of the process! You can help disseminate your paper and ensure it is as widely read and cited as possible. The Sage Author Gateway has numerous resources to help you promote your work. Visit the Promote Your Article page on the Gateway for tips and advice. 

    7. Further information

    Any correspondence, queries or additional requests for information on the Manuscript Submission
    process should be sent to Sage Customer Service. 

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