Table Of Contents:

• 1. How We Reason
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• SETTING THE STAGE
• SCIENCE
• THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• TESTING HYPOTHESES
• FROM HYPOTHESES TO THEORIES
• TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS
• ASSOCIATION AND CAUSATION
• THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION
• EXERCISES
• 2. Levels of Measurement and Forms of Data
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
• ORDINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
• LIKERT SCALES
• SCORES VERSUS FREQUENCIES
• INTERVAL AND RATIO LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• TABLES CONTAINING NOMINAL LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
• CONCLUSION
• EXERCISES
• 3. Defining Variables
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• GATHERING THE DATA
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
• INDEX AND SCALE CONSTRUCTION
• VALIDITY
• RELIABILITY
• CONCLUSION
• EXERCISES
• 4. Measuring Central Tendency
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• CENTRAL TENDENCY
• THE MEAN
• THE MEDIAN
• USING CENTRAL TENDENCY
• THE MODE
• INTERPRETING GRAPHS
• CENTRAL TENDENCY AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• SKEWNESS
• OTHER GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 5. Measuring Dispersion
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• VISUALIZING DISPERSION
• THE RANGE
• THE MEAN DEVIATION
• THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
• THE COMPUTATIONAL FORMULAS FOR VARIANCE
• VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DATA IN FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 6. Constructing and Interpreting Contingency Tables
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• CONTINGENCY TABLES
• REGROUPING VARIABLES
• GENERATING PERCENTAGES
• INTERPRETING
• CONTROLLING FOR A THIRD VARIABLE
• PARTIAL TABLES
• CAUSAL MODELS
• COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• EXERCISES
• 7. Statistical Inference and Tests of Significance
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS STATISTICAL INFERENCE?
• RANDOM SAMPLES
• COMPARING MEANS
• THE TGEST STATISTIC
• PROBABILITIES
• DECISION MAKING
• DIRECTIONAL VERSUS NONDIRECTIONAL ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES (ONE-TAILED VERSUS TWO-TAILED TESTS)
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 8. Probability Distributions and One-Sample z and t Tests
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
• THE ONE-SAMPLE z TEST FOR STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
• THE NORMALITY ASSUMPTION
• THE ONE-SAMPLE t TEST
• DEGREES OF FREEDOM
• THE t TABLE
• AN ALTERNATIVE t FORMULA
• A z TEST FOR PROPORTIONS
• INTERVAL ESTIMATION
• CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR PROPORTIONS
• MORE ON PROBABILITY
• PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 9. Two-Sample t Tests
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• INDEPENDENT SAMPLES VERSUS DEPENDENT SAMPLES
• THE TWO-SAMPLE t TEST FOR INDEPENDENTLY DRAWN SAMPLES
• ADJUSTMENTS FOR SIGMA-HAT SQUARED (^ 2)
• INTERPRETING A COMPUTER-GENERATED t TEST
• COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
• THE TWO-SAMPLE t TEST FOR DEPENDENT SAMPLES
• STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE VERSUS RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
• STATISTICAL POWER
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 10. One-Way Analysis of Variance
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• HOW ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE IS USED
• ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL SITUATIONS
• F – AN INTUITIVE APPROACH
• ANOVA TERMINOLOGY
• THE ANOVA PROCEDURE
• COMPARING F WITH t
• ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA
• POST HOC TESTING
• COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
• TWO-WAY ANALYSIS FOR VARIANCE
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 11. Measuring Association in Contingency Tables
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• MEASURES FOR TWO-BY-TWO TABLES
• MEASURES FOR n-BY-n
• CURVILINEARITY
• OTHER MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION
• INTERPRETING AN ASSOCIATION MATRIX
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 12. The Chi-Square Test
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• THE CONTEXT FOR THE CHI-SQUARE TEST
• OBSERVED VERSUS EXPECTED FREQUENCIES
• USING THE TABLE OF CRITICAL VALUE OF CHI-SQUARE
• CALCULATING THE CHI-SQUARE VALUE
• YATES’ CORRECTION
• VALIDITY OF CHI-SQUARE
• DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES
• TESTING SIGNIFICANCE OF ASSOCIATION MEASURES
• CHI-SQUARE AND PHI
• COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 13. Correlation and Regression Analysis
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• THE SETTING
• CARTESIAN COORDINATES
• THE CONCEPT OF LINEARITY
• LINEAR EQUATIONS
• LINEAR REGRESSION
• COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
• CORRELATION MEASURES FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• 14. Additional Aspects of Correlation and Regression Analysis
• KEY CONCEPTS
• PROLOGUE AND INTRODUCTION
• STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR r AND b
• SIGNIFICANCE OF r
• PARTIAL CORRELATIONS AND CAUSAL MODELS
• MULTIPLE CORRELATION AND THE COEFFICIENT OF MULTIPLE DETERMINATION
• MULTIPLE REGRESSION
• THE STANDARDIZED PARTIAL REGRESSION SLOPE
• USING A REGRESSION PRINTOUT
• STEPWISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION
• COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• SUMMARY OF MAJOR FORMULAS
• EXERCISES
• Appendix 1: Proportions of Area Under Standard Normal Curve
• Appendix 2: Distribution of t
• Appendix 3: Critical Values of F for p = .05
• Appendix 4: Critical Values of Chi-Square
• Appendix 5: Critical Values of the Correlation Coefficient
• Answers to Selected Exercises
• Index
• About the Author