Developing Mathematical Reasoning

The Strategies, Models, and Lessons to Teach the Big Ideas in Grades K-2
First Edition
Developing Mathematical Reasoning
September 2025 | 320 pages | Corwin
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ISBN: 9781071928974
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ISBN: 9781071967546
Available from September 2025

Description

Math is not rote-memorizable. Math is not random-guessable. Math is figure-out-able.

Author Pamela Weber Harris argues that teaching real math—math that is free of distortions—will reach more students more effectively and result in deeper understanding and longer retention. This book is about teaching undistorted math using the kinds of mental reasoning that mathematicians do.

Memorization tricks and algorithms meant to make math “easier” are full of traps that sacrifice long-term student growth for short-lived gains. Students and teachers alike have been led to believe that they’ve learned more and more math, but in reality their brains never get any stronger. Using these tricks may make facts easier to memorize in isolation, but that very disconnect distorts the reality of math.

In her landmark book Developing Mathematical Reasoning: Avoiding the Trap of Algorithms, Pam emphasized the importance of teaching students increasingly sophisticated mathematical reasoning and understanding underlying concepts rather than relying on a set rule for solving problems. Now, in this first companion volume, Developing Mathematical Reasoning: The Strategies, Models, and Lessons to Teach the Big Ideas in Grades K-2, she demonstrates how counting and additive strategies serve as the foundation for creating efficient, accurate, and flexible thinkers.

Everyone is capable of understanding and doing real math. This book:

  • Gives step-by-step guidance on how to teach the strategies, models, and big ideas that foster confidence and long-term success, preparing students for increasingly complex mathematical challenges
  • Offers the “what to do” to teach counting, addition, and subtraction in ways that promote reasoning over rote memorization
  • Provides practical tools such as problem strings, models, classroom routines, and discussion questions designed to implement reasoning-based practices
  • Includes supporting resources for creating a classroom culture where students see math as figure-out-able and gain confidence as mathematical thinkers

By addressing common misconceptions about math and providing practical strategies for teaching real math, this book shows that everyone can use the mathematical relationships they already know to reason about new relationships. In other words, everyone can math—even the very youngest students!

Contents

Preface

  • About This Book
  • Language Use in This Book

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

About the Author

About the Author

PART I: SETTING THE STAGE

  • Chapter 1: MATHEMATICS FOR TEACHING
  • What’s the Purpose of Learning Math?
  • The Development of Mathematical Reasoning
  • Major Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions

PART II: DEVELOPING COUNTING AND COUNTING STRATEGIES

  • Chapter 2: ALL ABOUT COUNTING
  • The Difference Between Counting and Counting Strategies
  • Foundations of Number
  • How to Develop Counting
  • The Number Sequence in the Teens
  • The Number Sequence After the Teens
  • Meaning of Decades
  • Student Interview
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 3: COUNTING STRATEGIES
  • About Counting Strategies
  • Early Counting Strategies
  • The Counting On, Counting Back Strategy
  • Problem Types
  • Developing Counting Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions

PART III: DEVELOPING ADDITIVE REASONING

  • Chapter 4: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR ADDITION WITHIN 20
  • Additive Reasoning
  • Additive Strategies
  • Developing Addition Within 20
  • The Get to 10 Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Using Doubles to Add Strategy
  • The Add 10 and Adjust Strategy
  • Comparing the Single-Digit Addition Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 5: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR SUBTRACTION WITHIN 20
  • Developing Subtraction Within 20
  • The Remove to 10 Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Using Doubles to Subtract Strategy
  • The Remove 10 and Adjust Strategy
  • Finding the Distance/Difference Strategy
  • Comparing the Single-Digit Subtraction Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 6: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR DOUBLE-DIGIT ADDITION
  • Developing Multi-Digit Addition Strategies
  • The Splitting by Place Value Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Add a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Get to a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Add a Friendly Number Over Strategy
  • The Give and Take Strategy
  • Comparing the Major Addition Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 7: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR MULTI-DIGIT SUBTRACTION
  • Developing Multi-Digit Subtraction Strategies
  • The Remove by Place Value Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Remove a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Remove to a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Remove a Friendly Number Over Strategy
  • Finding the Distance/Difference Strategy
  • The Constant Difference Strategy
  • Comparing the Major Strategies for Multi-Digit Subtraction
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions

PART IV: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

  • Chapter 8: TASKS TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL REASONING
  • Sequencing Tasks
  • Problem Strings
  • Other Instructional Routines
  • Games
  • Hint Cards
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 9: MODELING AND MODELS
  • Strategies Versus Models
  • The Many Meanings of Model
  • Exploring Models by Their Best Uses
  • Our Modeling Framework
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 10: MOVING FORWARD
  • Mentor Mathematicians
  • Where to Start
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
  • Index

Description

Math is not rote-memorizable. Math is not random-guessable. Math is figure-out-able.

Author Pamela Weber Harris argues that teaching real math—math that is free of distortions—will reach more students more effectively and result in deeper understanding and longer retention. This book is about teaching undistorted math using the kinds of mental reasoning that mathematicians do.

Memorization tricks and algorithms meant to make math “easier” are full of traps that sacrifice long-term student growth for short-lived gains. Students and teachers alike have been led to believe that they’ve learned more and more math, but in reality their brains never get any stronger. Using these tricks may make facts easier to memorize in isolation, but that very disconnect distorts the reality of math.

In her landmark book Developing Mathematical Reasoning: Avoiding the Trap of Algorithms, Pam emphasized the importance of teaching students increasingly sophisticated mathematical reasoning and understanding underlying concepts rather than relying on a set rule for solving problems. Now, in this first companion volume, Developing Mathematical Reasoning: The Strategies, Models, and Lessons to Teach the Big Ideas in Grades K-2, she demonstrates how counting and additive strategies serve as the foundation for creating efficient, accurate, and flexible thinkers.

Everyone is capable of understanding and doing real math. This book:

  • Gives step-by-step guidance on how to teach the strategies, models, and big ideas that foster confidence and long-term success, preparing students for increasingly complex mathematical challenges
  • Offers the “what to do” to teach counting, addition, and subtraction in ways that promote reasoning over rote memorization
  • Provides practical tools such as problem strings, models, classroom routines, and discussion questions designed to implement reasoning-based practices
  • Includes supporting resources for creating a classroom culture where students see math as figure-out-able and gain confidence as mathematical thinkers

By addressing common misconceptions about math and providing practical strategies for teaching real math, this book shows that everyone can use the mathematical relationships they already know to reason about new relationships. In other words, everyone can math—even the very youngest students!

Contents

Preface

  • About This Book
  • Language Use in This Book

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

About the Author

About the Author

PART I: SETTING THE STAGE

  • Chapter 1: MATHEMATICS FOR TEACHING
  • What’s the Purpose of Learning Math?
  • The Development of Mathematical Reasoning
  • Major Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions

PART II: DEVELOPING COUNTING AND COUNTING STRATEGIES

  • Chapter 2: ALL ABOUT COUNTING
  • The Difference Between Counting and Counting Strategies
  • Foundations of Number
  • How to Develop Counting
  • The Number Sequence in the Teens
  • The Number Sequence After the Teens
  • Meaning of Decades
  • Student Interview
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 3: COUNTING STRATEGIES
  • About Counting Strategies
  • Early Counting Strategies
  • The Counting On, Counting Back Strategy
  • Problem Types
  • Developing Counting Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions

PART III: DEVELOPING ADDITIVE REASONING

  • Chapter 4: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR ADDITION WITHIN 20
  • Additive Reasoning
  • Additive Strategies
  • Developing Addition Within 20
  • The Get to 10 Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Using Doubles to Add Strategy
  • The Add 10 and Adjust Strategy
  • Comparing the Single-Digit Addition Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 5: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR SUBTRACTION WITHIN 20
  • Developing Subtraction Within 20
  • The Remove to 10 Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Using Doubles to Subtract Strategy
  • The Remove 10 and Adjust Strategy
  • Finding the Distance/Difference Strategy
  • Comparing the Single-Digit Subtraction Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 6: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR DOUBLE-DIGIT ADDITION
  • Developing Multi-Digit Addition Strategies
  • The Splitting by Place Value Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Add a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Get to a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Add a Friendly Number Over Strategy
  • The Give and Take Strategy
  • Comparing the Major Addition Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 7: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR MULTI-DIGIT SUBTRACTION
  • Developing Multi-Digit Subtraction Strategies
  • The Remove by Place Value Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Remove a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Remove to a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Remove a Friendly Number Over Strategy
  • Finding the Distance/Difference Strategy
  • The Constant Difference Strategy
  • Comparing the Major Strategies for Multi-Digit Subtraction
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions

PART IV: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

  • Chapter 8: TASKS TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL REASONING
  • Sequencing Tasks
  • Problem Strings
  • Other Instructional Routines
  • Games
  • Hint Cards
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 9: MODELING AND MODELS
  • Strategies Versus Models
  • The Many Meanings of Model
  • Exploring Models by Their Best Uses
  • Our Modeling Framework
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 10: MOVING FORWARD
  • Mentor Mathematicians
  • Where to Start
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
  • Index
SAGE Publishing Logo

Developing Mathematical Reasoning

The Strategies, Models, and Lessons to Teach the Big Ideas in Grades K-2


September 2025 | 320 pages | Corwin

Format Published Date ISBN Price
Paperback 01/02/2026 9781071967546 $40.95
Lifetime 01/02/2026 9781071928974 $37.00

Math is not rote-memorizable. Math is not random-guessable. Math is figure-out-able.

Author Pamela Weber Harris argues that teaching real math—math that is free of distortions—will reach more students more effectively and result in deeper understanding and longer retention. This book is about teaching undistorted math using the kinds of mental reasoning that mathematicians do.

Memorization tricks and algorithms meant to make math “easier” are full of traps that sacrifice long-term student growth for short-lived gains. Students and teachers alike have been led to believe that they’ve learned more and more math, but in reality their brains never get any stronger. Using these tricks may make facts easier to memorize in isolation, but that very disconnect distorts the reality of math.

In her landmark book Developing Mathematical Reasoning: Avoiding the Trap of Algorithms, Pam emphasized the importance of teaching students increasingly sophisticated mathematical reasoning and understanding underlying concepts rather than relying on a set rule for solving problems. Now, in this first companion volume, Developing Mathematical Reasoning: The Strategies, Models, and Lessons to Teach the Big Ideas in Grades K-2, she demonstrates how counting and additive strategies serve as the foundation for creating efficient, accurate, and flexible thinkers.

Everyone is capable of understanding and doing real math. This book:

  • Gives step-by-step guidance on how to teach the strategies, models, and big ideas that foster confidence and long-term success, preparing students for increasingly complex mathematical challenges
  • Offers the “what to do” to teach counting, addition, and subtraction in ways that promote reasoning over rote memorization
  • Provides practical tools such as problem strings, models, classroom routines, and discussion questions designed to implement reasoning-based practices
  • Includes supporting resources for creating a classroom culture where students see math as figure-out-able and gain confidence as mathematical thinkers

By addressing common misconceptions about math and providing practical strategies for teaching real math, this book shows that everyone can use the mathematical relationships they already know to reason about new relationships. In other words, everyone can math—even the very youngest students!


Table Of Contents:

  • Preface
  • About This Book
  • Language Use in This Book
  • Acknowledgments
  • About the Author
  • PART I: SETTING THE STAGE
  • Chapter 1: MATHEMATICS FOR TEACHING
  • What’s the Purpose of Learning Math?
  • The Development of Mathematical Reasoning
  • Major Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • PART II: DEVELOPING COUNTING AND COUNTING STRATEGIES
  • Chapter 2: ALL ABOUT COUNTING
  • The Difference Between Counting and Counting Strategies
  • Foundations of Number
  • How to Develop Counting
  • The Number Sequence in the Teens
  • The Number Sequence After the Teens
  • Meaning of Decades
  • Student Interview
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 3: COUNTING STRATEGIES
  • About Counting Strategies
  • Early Counting Strategies
  • The Counting On, Counting Back Strategy
  • Problem Types
  • Developing Counting Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • PART III: DEVELOPING ADDITIVE REASONING
  • Chapter 4: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR ADDITION WITHIN 20
  • Additive Reasoning
  • Additive Strategies
  • Developing Addition Within 20
  • The Get to 10 Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Using Doubles to Add Strategy
  • The Add 10 and Adjust Strategy
  • Comparing the Single-Digit Addition Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 5: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR SUBTRACTION WITHIN 20
  • Developing Subtraction Within 20
  • The Remove to 10 Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Using Doubles to Subtract Strategy
  • The Remove 10 and Adjust Strategy
  • Finding the Distance/Difference Strategy
  • Comparing the Single-Digit Subtraction Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 6: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR DOUBLE-DIGIT ADDITION
  • Developing Multi-Digit Addition Strategies
  • The Splitting by Place Value Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Add a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Get to a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Add a Friendly Number Over Strategy
  • The Give and Take Strategy
  • Comparing the Major Addition Strategies
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 7: THE MAJOR STRATEGIES FOR MULTI-DIGIT SUBTRACTION
  • Developing Multi-Digit Subtraction Strategies
  • The Remove by Place Value Strategy
  • The Next Two Major Strategies
  • The Remove a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Remove to a Friendly Number Strategy
  • The Remove a Friendly Number Over Strategy
  • Finding the Distance/Difference Strategy
  • The Constant Difference Strategy
  • Comparing the Major Strategies for Multi-Digit Subtraction
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • PART IV: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
  • Chapter 8: TASKS TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL REASONING
  • Sequencing Tasks
  • Problem Strings
  • Other Instructional Routines
  • Games
  • Hint Cards
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 9: MODELING AND MODELS
  • Strategies Versus Models
  • The Many Meanings of Model
  • Exploring Models by Their Best Uses
  • Our Modeling Framework
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Chapter 10: MOVING FORWARD
  • Mentor Mathematicians
  • Where to Start
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • References
  • Index

Recent Product Reviews:

Who better than Pam Harris to help you introduce K–2 students to mathematical reasoning—the language, the music, and the poetry of mathematics. A must-read book filled with teaching strategies and creative ideas.
Jo Boaler, Stanford University
The abilities to count and to add are foundational to mathematics. All that follows is built upon these cornerstones. Get it right and math becomes ‘figure-out-able.’ In this book, Harris gives us the tools to get it right. Through real classroom examples, Harris takes us through strategies that are easy to adopt and effective in getting and keeping students engaged in the work of understanding mathematics.
Peter Liljedahl, Simon Fraser University;
It is with great enthusiasm that I endorse this transformative book. At the heart of this work is a compelling discussion of reasoning. Through rich narratives and classroom vignettes, we see that math fact fluency is not only figure-out-able but enjoyable—sparking curiosity and confidence in every student. In short, this book is a masterclass in making math fact fluency meaningful and accessible for all.
Dr. Nicki Newton, Newton Education Solutions
This book is a gift to primary teachers. It offers clear ideas we can use right away to help students build real understanding and develop as mathematical thinkers. From counting to additive reasoning, and through the power of models and Problem Strings, this book supports teachers in making instruction more purposeful and responsive.
Graham Fletcher
Finally, the book that K–2 educators have been waiting for is here! Harris wrote a book that explores the complexity of foundational numeracy skills and shares research-based approaches to develop mathematical reasoning with our youngest learners. This book will not only help teachers cultivate curiosity and confidence and build a community of mathers, but it will also help teachers become the mathers they were always meant to be.
Deborah Peart Crayton, My Mathematical Mind

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