Content Analysis

An Introduction to Its Methodology
Fourth Edition
Klaus Krippendorff
Content Analysis
May 2018 | 472 pages | Sage US
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Description

What matters in people’s social lives? What motivates and inspires our society? How do we enact what we know?

Since the first edition published in 1980, Content Analysis has helped shape and define the field. In the highly anticipated Fourth Edition, award-winning scholar and author Klaus Krippendorff introduces readers to the most current method of analyzing the textual fabric of contemporary society. Students and scholars will learn to treat data not as physical events but as communications that are created and disseminated to be seen, read, interpreted, enacted, and reflected upon according to the meanings they have for their recipients. Interpreting communications as texts in the contexts of their social uses distinguishes content analysis from other empirical methods of inquiry.

Organized into three parts, Content Analysis first examines the conceptual aspects of content analysis, then discusses components such as unitizing and sampling, and concludes by showing readers how to trace the analytical paths and apply evaluative techniques. The Fourth Edition has been completely revised to offer readers the most current techniques and research on content analysis, including new information on reliability and social media. Readers will also gain practical advice and experience for teaching academic and commercial researchers how to conduct content analysis. 

Available with Perusall—an eBook that makes it easier to prepare for class
Perusall is an award-winning eBook platform featuring social annotation tools that allow students and instructors to collaboratively mark up and discuss their SAGE textbook. Backed by research and supported by technological innovations developed at Harvard University, this process of learning through collaborative annotation keeps your students engaged and makes teaching easier and more effective. Learn more.



Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Introduction

Introduction

PART I. CONCEPTUALIZING CONTENT ANALYSIS

  • Chapter 1. History
  • 1.1 Some Precursors
  • 1.2 Quantitative Newspaper Analysis
  • 1.3 Early Content Analysis
  • 1.4 Propaganda Analysis
  • 1.5 Content Analysis Generalized
  • 1.6 Computer Text Analysis
  • 1.7 Qualitative Approaches
  • Chapter 2. Conceptual Foundation
  • 2.1 Definition
  • 2.2 Epistemological Elaborations
  • 2.3 Examples
  • 2.4 Framework
  • 2.5 Contrasts and Comparisons
  • Chapter 3. Uses and Inferences
  • 3.1 Traditional Overviews
  • 3.2 Extrapolations
  • 3.3 Standards
  • 3.4 Indices and Symptoms
  • 3.5 Linguistic Re-Presentations
  • 3.6 Conversations
  • 3.7 Institutional Processes
  • 3.8 Areas of Likely Success

PART II. COMPONENTS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

  • Chapter 4. The Logic of Content Analysis Designs
  • 4.1 Content Analysis Designs
  • 4.2 Designs Preparatory to Content Analysis
  • 4.3 Designs Going Beyond Content Analysis
  • Chapter 5. Unitizing
  • 5.1 Units
  • 5.2 Types of Units
  • 5.3 Ways of Defining Units
  • 5.4 Productivity, Efficiency, and Reliability
  • Chapter 6. Sampling
  • 6.1 Sampling in Theory
  • 6.2 Sampling Techniques Applicable to Texts
  • 6.3 Sample Size
  • Chapter 7. Recording/Coding
  • 7.1 The Function of Coding and Recording
  • 7.2 Coder Qualifications
  • 7.3 Coder Training
  • 7.4 Crowdcoding
  • 7.5 Approaches to Defining the Semantics of Data
  • 7.6 Records
  • Chapter 8. Data Languages
  • 8.1 The Place of Data Languages in Analytical Efforts
  • 8.2 Definitions
  • 8.3 Variables
  • 8.4 Nominal Variables
  • 8.5 Ordered Variable
  • 8.6 Metrics
  • 8.7 Mathematical Operations
  • Chapter 9. Analytical Constructs
  • 9.1 The Role of Analytical Constructs
  • 9.2 Sources of Certainty
  • 9.3 Types of Constructs
  • 9.4 Sources of Uncertainty

PART III. ANALYTICAL PATHS AND EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES

  • Chapter 10. Analytical/Representational Techniques
  • 10.1 Counts
  • 10.2 Cross-Tabulations, Associations, and Correlations
  • 10.3 Multivariate Techniques
  • 10.4 Factor Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling
  • 10.5 Images, Portrayals, Semantic Nodes, and Profiles
  • 10.6 Contingencies and Contingency Analysis
  • 10.7 Clustering
  • Chapter 11. Computer Aids
  • 11.1 What Computers Do
  • 11.2 How Computers Can Aid Content Analyses
  • 11.3 Text Analyses
  • 11.4 Computational Content Analyses
  • 11.5 Qualitative Data Analysis Support
  • 11.6 Frontiers
  • Chapter 12. Reliability
  • 12.1 Why Reliability?
  • 12.2 Reliability Designs
  • 12.3 Agreement on Coding Predefined Units
  • 12.4 Accuracy, Surrogacy, and the Decisiveness of Majorities
  • 12.5 The Reliability of Text Mining and Information Retrieval
  • 12.6 Agreement on Unitizing and Coding Finite Continua
  • 12.7 Agreement on Multi-Valued Coding
  • 12.8 Statistical Properties of a
  • Chapter 13. Validity
  • 13.1 Validity Defined
  • 13.2 A Typology for Validating Evidence
  • Chapter 14. A Practical Guide
  • 14.1 Designing an Analysis
  • 14.2 Writing a Research Proposal
  • 14.3 Applying the Research Design
  • 14.4 Narrating the Results

Glossary

Glossary

References

References

Index

Index

About the Author

About the Author

Description

What matters in people’s social lives? What motivates and inspires our society? How do we enact what we know?

Since the first edition published in 1980, Content Analysis has helped shape and define the field. In the highly anticipated Fourth Edition, award-winning scholar and author Klaus Krippendorff introduces readers to the most current method of analyzing the textual fabric of contemporary society. Students and scholars will learn to treat data not as physical events but as communications that are created and disseminated to be seen, read, interpreted, enacted, and reflected upon according to the meanings they have for their recipients. Interpreting communications as texts in the contexts of their social uses distinguishes content analysis from other empirical methods of inquiry.

Organized into three parts, Content Analysis first examines the conceptual aspects of content analysis, then discusses components such as unitizing and sampling, and concludes by showing readers how to trace the analytical paths and apply evaluative techniques. The Fourth Edition has been completely revised to offer readers the most current techniques and research on content analysis, including new information on reliability and social media. Readers will also gain practical advice and experience for teaching academic and commercial researchers how to conduct content analysis. 

Available with Perusall—an eBook that makes it easier to prepare for class
Perusall is an award-winning eBook platform featuring social annotation tools that allow students and instructors to collaboratively mark up and discuss their SAGE textbook. Backed by research and supported by technological innovations developed at Harvard University, this process of learning through collaborative annotation keeps your students engaged and makes teaching easier and more effective. Learn more.



Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Introduction

Introduction

PART I. CONCEPTUALIZING CONTENT ANALYSIS

  • Chapter 1. History
  • 1.1 Some Precursors
  • 1.2 Quantitative Newspaper Analysis
  • 1.3 Early Content Analysis
  • 1.4 Propaganda Analysis
  • 1.5 Content Analysis Generalized
  • 1.6 Computer Text Analysis
  • 1.7 Qualitative Approaches
  • Chapter 2. Conceptual Foundation
  • 2.1 Definition
  • 2.2 Epistemological Elaborations
  • 2.3 Examples
  • 2.4 Framework
  • 2.5 Contrasts and Comparisons
  • Chapter 3. Uses and Inferences
  • 3.1 Traditional Overviews
  • 3.2 Extrapolations
  • 3.3 Standards
  • 3.4 Indices and Symptoms
  • 3.5 Linguistic Re-Presentations
  • 3.6 Conversations
  • 3.7 Institutional Processes
  • 3.8 Areas of Likely Success

PART II. COMPONENTS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

  • Chapter 4. The Logic of Content Analysis Designs
  • 4.1 Content Analysis Designs
  • 4.2 Designs Preparatory to Content Analysis
  • 4.3 Designs Going Beyond Content Analysis
  • Chapter 5. Unitizing
  • 5.1 Units
  • 5.2 Types of Units
  • 5.3 Ways of Defining Units
  • 5.4 Productivity, Efficiency, and Reliability
  • Chapter 6. Sampling
  • 6.1 Sampling in Theory
  • 6.2 Sampling Techniques Applicable to Texts
  • 6.3 Sample Size
  • Chapter 7. Recording/Coding
  • 7.1 The Function of Coding and Recording
  • 7.2 Coder Qualifications
  • 7.3 Coder Training
  • 7.4 Crowdcoding
  • 7.5 Approaches to Defining the Semantics of Data
  • 7.6 Records
  • Chapter 8. Data Languages
  • 8.1 The Place of Data Languages in Analytical Efforts
  • 8.2 Definitions
  • 8.3 Variables
  • 8.4 Nominal Variables
  • 8.5 Ordered Variable
  • 8.6 Metrics
  • 8.7 Mathematical Operations
  • Chapter 9. Analytical Constructs
  • 9.1 The Role of Analytical Constructs
  • 9.2 Sources of Certainty
  • 9.3 Types of Constructs
  • 9.4 Sources of Uncertainty

PART III. ANALYTICAL PATHS AND EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES

  • Chapter 10. Analytical/Representational Techniques
  • 10.1 Counts
  • 10.2 Cross-Tabulations, Associations, and Correlations
  • 10.3 Multivariate Techniques
  • 10.4 Factor Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling
  • 10.5 Images, Portrayals, Semantic Nodes, and Profiles
  • 10.6 Contingencies and Contingency Analysis
  • 10.7 Clustering
  • Chapter 11. Computer Aids
  • 11.1 What Computers Do
  • 11.2 How Computers Can Aid Content Analyses
  • 11.3 Text Analyses
  • 11.4 Computational Content Analyses
  • 11.5 Qualitative Data Analysis Support
  • 11.6 Frontiers
  • Chapter 12. Reliability
  • 12.1 Why Reliability?
  • 12.2 Reliability Designs
  • 12.3 Agreement on Coding Predefined Units
  • 12.4 Accuracy, Surrogacy, and the Decisiveness of Majorities
  • 12.5 The Reliability of Text Mining and Information Retrieval
  • 12.6 Agreement on Unitizing and Coding Finite Continua
  • 12.7 Agreement on Multi-Valued Coding
  • 12.8 Statistical Properties of a
  • Chapter 13. Validity
  • 13.1 Validity Defined
  • 13.2 A Typology for Validating Evidence
  • Chapter 14. A Practical Guide
  • 14.1 Designing an Analysis
  • 14.2 Writing a Research Proposal
  • 14.3 Applying the Research Design
  • 14.4 Narrating the Results

Glossary

Glossary

References

References

Index

Index

About the Author

About the Author

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Content Analysis

An Introduction to Its Methodology

Klaus Krippendorff
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May 2018 | 472 pages | Sage US

Format Published Date ISBN Price

What matters in people’s social lives? What motivates and inspires our society? How do we enact what we know?

Since the first edition published in 1980, Content Analysis has helped shape and define the field. In the highly anticipated Fourth Edition, award-winning scholar and author Klaus Krippendorff introduces readers to the most current method of analyzing the textual fabric of contemporary society. Students and scholars will learn to treat data not as physical events but as communications that are created and disseminated to be seen, read, interpreted, enacted, and reflected upon according to the meanings they have for their recipients. Interpreting communications as texts in the contexts of their social uses distinguishes content analysis from other empirical methods of inquiry.

Organized into three parts, Content Analysis first examines the conceptual aspects of content analysis, then discusses components such as unitizing and sampling, and concludes by showing readers how to trace the analytical paths and apply evaluative techniques. The Fourth Edition has been completely revised to offer readers the most current techniques and research on content analysis, including new information on reliability and social media. Readers will also gain practical advice and experience for teaching academic and commercial researchers how to conduct content analysis. 

Available with Perusall—an eBook that makes it easier to prepare for class
Perusall is an award-winning eBook platform featuring social annotation tools that allow students and instructors to collaboratively mark up and discuss their SAGE textbook. Backed by research and supported by technological innovations developed at Harvard University, this process of learning through collaborative annotation keeps your students engaged and makes teaching easier and more effective. Learn more.




Table Of Contents:

  • Preface to the Fourth Edition
  • Introduction
  • PART I. CONCEPTUALIZING CONTENT ANALYSIS
  • Chapter 1. History
  • 1.1 Some Precursors
  • 1.2 Quantitative Newspaper Analysis
  • 1.3 Early Content Analysis
  • 1.4 Propaganda Analysis
  • 1.5 Content Analysis Generalized
  • 1.6 Computer Text Analysis
  • 1.7 Qualitative Approaches
  • Chapter 2. Conceptual Foundation
  • 2.1 Definition
  • 2.2 Epistemological Elaborations
  • 2.3 Examples
  • 2.4 Framework
  • 2.5 Contrasts and Comparisons
  • Chapter 3. Uses and Inferences
  • 3.1 Traditional Overviews
  • 3.2 Extrapolations
  • 3.3 Standards
  • 3.4 Indices and Symptoms
  • 3.5 Linguistic Re-Presentations
  • 3.6 Conversations
  • 3.7 Institutional Processes
  • 3.8 Areas of Likely Success
  • PART II. COMPONENTS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS
  • Chapter 4. The Logic of Content Analysis Designs
  • 4.1 Content Analysis Designs
  • 4.2 Designs Preparatory to Content Analysis
  • 4.3 Designs Going Beyond Content Analysis
  • Chapter 5. Unitizing
  • 5.1 Units
  • 5.2 Types of Units
  • 5.3 Ways of Defining Units
  • 5.4 Productivity, Efficiency, and Reliability
  • Chapter 6. Sampling
  • 6.1 Sampling in Theory
  • 6.2 Sampling Techniques Applicable to Texts
  • 6.3 Sample Size
  • Chapter 7. Recording/Coding
  • 7.1 The Function of Coding and Recording
  • 7.2 Coder Qualifications
  • 7.3 Coder Training
  • 7.4 Crowdcoding
  • 7.5 Approaches to Defining the Semantics of Data
  • 7.6 Records
  • Chapter 8. Data Languages
  • 8.1 The Place of Data Languages in Analytical Efforts
  • 8.2 Definitions
  • 8.3 Variables
  • 8.4 Nominal Variables
  • 8.5 Ordered Variable
  • 8.6 Metrics
  • 8.7 Mathematical Operations
  • Chapter 9. Analytical Constructs
  • 9.1 The Role of Analytical Constructs
  • 9.2 Sources of Certainty
  • 9.3 Types of Constructs
  • 9.4 Sources of Uncertainty
  • PART III. ANALYTICAL PATHS AND EVALUATIVE TECHNIQUES
  • Chapter 10. Analytical/Representational Techniques
  • 10.1 Counts
  • 10.2 Cross-Tabulations, Associations, and Correlations
  • 10.3 Multivariate Techniques
  • 10.4 Factor Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling
  • 10.5 Images, Portrayals, Semantic Nodes, and Profiles
  • 10.6 Contingencies and Contingency Analysis
  • 10.7 Clustering
  • Chapter 11. Computer Aids
  • 11.1 What Computers Do
  • 11.2 How Computers Can Aid Content Analyses
  • 11.3 Text Analyses
  • 11.4 Computational Content Analyses
  • 11.5 Qualitative Data Analysis Support
  • 11.6 Frontiers
  • Chapter 12. Reliability
  • 12.1 Why Reliability?
  • 12.2 Reliability Designs
  • 12.3 Agreement on Coding Predefined Units
  • 12.4 Accuracy, Surrogacy, and the Decisiveness of Majorities
  • 12.5 The Reliability of Text Mining and Information Retrieval
  • 12.6 Agreement on Unitizing and Coding Finite Continua
  • 12.7 Agreement on Multi-Valued Coding
  • 12.8 Statistical Properties of a
  • Chapter 13. Validity
  • 13.1 Validity Defined
  • 13.2 A Typology for Validating Evidence
  • Chapter 14. A Practical Guide
  • 14.1 Designing an Analysis
  • 14.2 Writing a Research Proposal
  • 14.3 Applying the Research Design
  • 14.4 Narrating the Results
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Index
  • About the Author

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