Educational Research

Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches
Seventh Edition
Robert Burke Johnson - University of South Alabama, USA
Larry B. Christensen - University of South Alabama, USA
Educational Research
August 2019 | 704 pages | Sage US
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Description

Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches by R. Burke Johnson and Larry Christensen offers a comprehensive, easily digestible introduction to research methods for undergraduate and graduate students. Readers will develop an understanding of the multiple research methods and strategies used in education and related fields, including how to read and critically evaluate published research and how to write a proposal, construct a questionnaire, and conduct an empirical research study on their own. The Seventh Edition maintains the features that made this book a best-seller, including attention-grabbing chapter-opening vignettes, lively examples that engage student interest, a conversational and friendly writing style, and more. With the support of this highly readable text, readers will transform into critical consumers and users of research.

FREE DIGITAL TOOLS INCLUDED WITH THIS TEXT

SAGE edge gives instructors and students the edge they need to succeed with an array of teaching and learning tools in one easy-to-navigate website. Learn more: edge.sagepub.com/rbjohnson7e
 


Contents

PREFACE

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART I. INTRODUCTION

  • CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Educational Research
  • WHY STUDY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH?
  • AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH
  • SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
  • THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
  • OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • DISPOSITIONS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
  • OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE RESEARCH PARADIGMS
  • QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL AND NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
  • MIXED RESEARCH (OR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH)
  • OUR RESEARCH TYPOLOGY
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 3. Action Research for Lifelong Learning
  • DEFINING ACTION RESEARCH
  • ORIGINS OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • BASIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VERSUS ACTION RESEARCH
  • TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • THE CYCLE OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH JOURNALING
  • ACTION RESEARCH IN THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTE

PART II. PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY

  • CHAPTER 4. How to Critically Review the Literature and Develop Good Research Questions
  • SOURCES OF RESEARCH IDEAS
  • IDEAS THAT CAN’T BE RESOLVED THROUGH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
  • REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
  • FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY
  • STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
  • STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
  • STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
  • FORMULATING HYPOTHESES
  • CONSUMER USE OF THE LITERATURE
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 5. How to Write a Research Proposal
  • FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EACH SECTION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISE
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 6. Research Ethics
  • WHAT ARE RESEARCH ETHICS?
  • ETHICAL CONCERNS
  • ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WITH HUMANS
  • INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
  • ETHICAL ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH
  • ETHICAL ISSUES IN PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH

  • CHAPTER 7. Standardized Measurement and Assessment
  • DEFINING MEASUREMENT
  • SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
  • ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
  • IDENTIFYING A GOOD TEST OR ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
  • RELIABILITY
  • VALIDITY
  • USING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY INFORMATION IN YOUR RESEARCH
  • EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
  • SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 8. Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • MIXING METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
  • TESTS
  • QUESTIONNAIRES
  • INTERVIEWS
  • FOCUS GROUPS
  • OBSERVATION
  • CONSTRUCTED, SECONDARY, AND EXISTING DATA
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 9. How to Construct a Questionnaire
  • WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE?
  • PRINCIPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION
  • PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISE
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 10. Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • TERMINOLOGY USED IN SAMPLING
  • RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
  • NONRANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
  • RANDOM SELECTION AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
  • DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE WHEN RANDOM SAMPLING IS USED
  • SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • SAMPLING IN MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 11. Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • VALIDITY ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • INTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., CAUSATION VALIDITY)
  • EXTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., GENERALIZING VALIDITY)
  • CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
  • STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY
  • RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “TRUSTWORTHINESS”) IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “LEGITIMATION”) IN MIXED (METHODS) RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES

PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD

PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD

Section A. Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches

  • CHAPTER 12. Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs
  • THE EXPERIMENT
  • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SETTINGS
  • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE MANIPULATION
  • CONTROL OF CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
  • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 13. Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs
  • QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTE
  • CHAPTER 14. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
  • STEPS IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • SIMPLE CASES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
  • APPLYING THE THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSATION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (I.E., HOW TO DESIGN STRONG NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH)
  • INTERLUDE (THE STUDY OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY)
  • CLASSIFYING NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BY TIME AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
  • THE TIME DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
  • THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES

Section B. Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches

  • CHAPTER 15. Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research
  • NARRATIVE INQUIRY
  • CASE STUDY RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • NARRATIVE INQUIRY EXAMPLES
  • CASE STUDY EXAMPLES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 16. Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory
  • PHENOMENOLOGY
  • ETHNOGRAPHY
  • GROUNDED THEORY
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

Section C. Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches

  • CHAPTER 17. Mixed Research
  • THE RESEARCH CONTINUUM
  • TYPES OF MIXED RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • STAGES OF THE MIXED RESEARCH PROCESS
  • LIMITATIONS OF MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

PART V. ANALYZING THE DATA

  • CHAPTER 18. Descriptive Statistics
  • DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
  • FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
  • GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA
  • MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
  • MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
  • MEASURES OF RELATIVE STANDING
  • EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 19. Inferential Statistics
  • SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
  • ESTIMATION
  • HYPOTHESIS TESTING
  • HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN PRACTICE
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 19 APPENDIX: TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RECOMMENDED FOR DIFFERENT STATISTICAL TESTS
  • CHAPTER 20. Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research
  • INTERIM ANALYSIS
  • MEMOING
  • ANALYSIS OF VISUAL DATA
  • DATA ENTRY AND STORAGE
  • SEGMENTING, CODING, AND DEVELOPING CATEGORY SYSTEMS
  • FIRST-STAGE AND SECOND-STAGE CODING
  • ENUMERATION
  • THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CREATING HIERARCHICAL CATEGORY SYSTEMS
  • IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CATEGORIES
  • CORROBORATING AND VALIDATING RESULTS
  • COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
  • DATA ANALYSIS IN MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 20 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL TYPES OF CODES FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PART VI. WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT

  • CHAPTER 21. How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines
  • GENERAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT (I)
  • WRITING AN APA-STYLE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORT (II)
  • EXAMPLE OF AN APA-STYLE MANUSCRIPT
  • WRITING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS
  • WRITING MIXED RESEARCH REPORTS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERM
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS

APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

AUTHOR INDEX

AUTHOR INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Description

Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches by R. Burke Johnson and Larry Christensen offers a comprehensive, easily digestible introduction to research methods for undergraduate and graduate students. Readers will develop an understanding of the multiple research methods and strategies used in education and related fields, including how to read and critically evaluate published research and how to write a proposal, construct a questionnaire, and conduct an empirical research study on their own. The Seventh Edition maintains the features that made this book a best-seller, including attention-grabbing chapter-opening vignettes, lively examples that engage student interest, a conversational and friendly writing style, and more. With the support of this highly readable text, readers will transform into critical consumers and users of research.

FREE DIGITAL TOOLS INCLUDED WITH THIS TEXT

SAGE edge gives instructors and students the edge they need to succeed with an array of teaching and learning tools in one easy-to-navigate website. Learn more: edge.sagepub.com/rbjohnson7e
 


Contents

PREFACE

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART I. INTRODUCTION

  • CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Educational Research
  • WHY STUDY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH?
  • AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH
  • SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
  • THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
  • OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • DISPOSITIONS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
  • OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE RESEARCH PARADIGMS
  • QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL AND NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
  • MIXED RESEARCH (OR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH)
  • OUR RESEARCH TYPOLOGY
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 3. Action Research for Lifelong Learning
  • DEFINING ACTION RESEARCH
  • ORIGINS OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • BASIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VERSUS ACTION RESEARCH
  • TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • THE CYCLE OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH JOURNALING
  • ACTION RESEARCH IN THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTE

PART II. PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY

  • CHAPTER 4. How to Critically Review the Literature and Develop Good Research Questions
  • SOURCES OF RESEARCH IDEAS
  • IDEAS THAT CAN’T BE RESOLVED THROUGH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
  • REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
  • FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY
  • STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
  • STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
  • STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
  • FORMULATING HYPOTHESES
  • CONSUMER USE OF THE LITERATURE
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 5. How to Write a Research Proposal
  • FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EACH SECTION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISE
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 6. Research Ethics
  • WHAT ARE RESEARCH ETHICS?
  • ETHICAL CONCERNS
  • ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WITH HUMANS
  • INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
  • ETHICAL ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH
  • ETHICAL ISSUES IN PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH

  • CHAPTER 7. Standardized Measurement and Assessment
  • DEFINING MEASUREMENT
  • SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
  • ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
  • IDENTIFYING A GOOD TEST OR ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
  • RELIABILITY
  • VALIDITY
  • USING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY INFORMATION IN YOUR RESEARCH
  • EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
  • SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 8. Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • MIXING METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
  • TESTS
  • QUESTIONNAIRES
  • INTERVIEWS
  • FOCUS GROUPS
  • OBSERVATION
  • CONSTRUCTED, SECONDARY, AND EXISTING DATA
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 9. How to Construct a Questionnaire
  • WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE?
  • PRINCIPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION
  • PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISE
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 10. Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • TERMINOLOGY USED IN SAMPLING
  • RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
  • NONRANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
  • RANDOM SELECTION AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
  • DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE WHEN RANDOM SAMPLING IS USED
  • SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • SAMPLING IN MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 11. Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • VALIDITY ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • INTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., CAUSATION VALIDITY)
  • EXTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., GENERALIZING VALIDITY)
  • CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
  • STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY
  • RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “TRUSTWORTHINESS”) IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “LEGITIMATION”) IN MIXED (METHODS) RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES

PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD

PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD

Section A. Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches

  • CHAPTER 12. Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs
  • THE EXPERIMENT
  • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SETTINGS
  • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE MANIPULATION
  • CONTROL OF CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
  • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 13. Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs
  • QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTE
  • CHAPTER 14. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
  • STEPS IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • SIMPLE CASES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
  • APPLYING THE THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSATION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (I.E., HOW TO DESIGN STRONG NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH)
  • INTERLUDE (THE STUDY OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY)
  • CLASSIFYING NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BY TIME AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
  • THE TIME DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
  • THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES

Section B. Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches

  • CHAPTER 15. Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research
  • NARRATIVE INQUIRY
  • CASE STUDY RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • NARRATIVE INQUIRY EXAMPLES
  • CASE STUDY EXAMPLES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 16. Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory
  • PHENOMENOLOGY
  • ETHNOGRAPHY
  • GROUNDED THEORY
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

Section C. Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches

  • CHAPTER 17. Mixed Research
  • THE RESEARCH CONTINUUM
  • TYPES OF MIXED RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • STAGES OF THE MIXED RESEARCH PROCESS
  • LIMITATIONS OF MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

PART V. ANALYZING THE DATA

  • CHAPTER 18. Descriptive Statistics
  • DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
  • FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
  • GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA
  • MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
  • MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
  • MEASURES OF RELATIVE STANDING
  • EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 19. Inferential Statistics
  • SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
  • ESTIMATION
  • HYPOTHESIS TESTING
  • HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN PRACTICE
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 19 APPENDIX: TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RECOMMENDED FOR DIFFERENT STATISTICAL TESTS
  • CHAPTER 20. Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research
  • INTERIM ANALYSIS
  • MEMOING
  • ANALYSIS OF VISUAL DATA
  • DATA ENTRY AND STORAGE
  • SEGMENTING, CODING, AND DEVELOPING CATEGORY SYSTEMS
  • FIRST-STAGE AND SECOND-STAGE CODING
  • ENUMERATION
  • THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CREATING HIERARCHICAL CATEGORY SYSTEMS
  • IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CATEGORIES
  • CORROBORATING AND VALIDATING RESULTS
  • COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
  • DATA ANALYSIS IN MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 20 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL TYPES OF CODES FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PART VI. WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT

  • CHAPTER 21. How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines
  • GENERAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT (I)
  • WRITING AN APA-STYLE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORT (II)
  • EXAMPLE OF AN APA-STYLE MANUSCRIPT
  • WRITING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS
  • WRITING MIXED RESEARCH REPORTS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERM
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING

APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS

APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

AUTHOR INDEX

AUTHOR INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

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Educational Research

Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches

Robert Burke Johnson , Larry B. Christensen
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August 2019 | 704 pages | Sage US

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Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches by R. Burke Johnson and Larry Christensen offers a comprehensive, easily digestible introduction to research methods for undergraduate and graduate students. Readers will develop an understanding of the multiple research methods and strategies used in education and related fields, including how to read and critically evaluate published research and how to write a proposal, construct a questionnaire, and conduct an empirical research study on their own. The Seventh Edition maintains the features that made this book a best-seller, including attention-grabbing chapter-opening vignettes, lively examples that engage student interest, a conversational and friendly writing style, and more. With the support of this highly readable text, readers will transform into critical consumers and users of research.

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Table Of Contents:

  • PREFACE
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • PART I. INTRODUCTION
  • CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Educational Research
  • WHY STUDY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH?
  • AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH
  • SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
  • THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
  • OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  • DISPOSITIONS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
  • OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE RESEARCH PARADIGMS
  • QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL AND NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
  • MIXED RESEARCH (OR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH)
  • OUR RESEARCH TYPOLOGY
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 3. Action Research for Lifelong Learning
  • DEFINING ACTION RESEARCH
  • ORIGINS OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • BASIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VERSUS ACTION RESEARCH
  • TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • THE CYCLE OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ACTION RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH JOURNALING
  • ACTION RESEARCH IN THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTE
  • PART II. PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY
  • CHAPTER 4. How to Critically Review the Literature and Develop Good Research Questions
  • SOURCES OF RESEARCH IDEAS
  • IDEAS THAT CAN’T BE RESOLVED THROUGH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
  • REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
  • FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY
  • STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
  • STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
  • STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
  • FORMULATING HYPOTHESES
  • CONSUMER USE OF THE LITERATURE
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 5. How to Write a Research Proposal
  • FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EACH SECTION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISE
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 6. Research Ethics
  • WHAT ARE RESEARCH ETHICS?
  • ETHICAL CONCERNS
  • ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WITH HUMANS
  • INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD
  • ETHICAL ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH
  • ETHICAL ISSUES IN PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • PART III. FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH
  • CHAPTER 7. Standardized Measurement and Assessment
  • DEFINING MEASUREMENT
  • SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
  • ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
  • IDENTIFYING A GOOD TEST OR ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
  • RELIABILITY
  • VALIDITY
  • USING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY INFORMATION IN YOUR RESEARCH
  • EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
  • SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 8. Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • MIXING METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
  • TESTS
  • QUESTIONNAIRES
  • INTERVIEWS
  • FOCUS GROUPS
  • OBSERVATION
  • CONSTRUCTED, SECONDARY, AND EXISTING DATA
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • CHAPTER 9. How to Construct a Questionnaire
  • WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE?
  • PRINCIPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION
  • PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISE
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 10. Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • TERMINOLOGY USED IN SAMPLING
  • RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
  • NONRANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
  • RANDOM SELECTION AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
  • DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE WHEN RANDOM SAMPLING IS USED
  • SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • SAMPLING IN MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 11. Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
  • VALIDITY ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • INTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., CAUSATION VALIDITY)
  • EXTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., GENERALIZING VALIDITY)
  • CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
  • STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY
  • RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “TRUSTWORTHINESS”) IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “LEGITIMATION”) IN MIXED (METHODS) RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • PART IV. SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD
  • Section A. Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches
  • CHAPTER 12. Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs
  • THE EXPERIMENT
  • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SETTINGS
  • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE MANIPULATION
  • CONTROL OF CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
  • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 13. Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs
  • QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTE
  • CHAPTER 14. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
  • STEPS IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • SIMPLE CASES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
  • THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
  • APPLYING THE THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSATION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
  • TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (I.E., HOW TO DESIGN STRONG NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH)
  • INTERLUDE (THE STUDY OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY)
  • CLASSIFYING NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BY TIME AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
  • THE TIME DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
  • THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • Section B. Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches
  • CHAPTER 15. Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research
  • NARRATIVE INQUIRY
  • CASE STUDY RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • NARRATIVE INQUIRY EXAMPLES
  • CASE STUDY EXAMPLES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 16. Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory
  • PHENOMENOLOGY
  • ETHNOGRAPHY
  • GROUNDED THEORY
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • Section C. Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches
  • CHAPTER 17. Mixed Research
  • THE RESEARCH CONTINUUM
  • TYPES OF MIXED RESEARCH DESIGNS
  • STAGES OF THE MIXED RESEARCH PROCESS
  • LIMITATIONS OF MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • PART V. ANALYZING THE DATA
  • CHAPTER 18. Descriptive Statistics
  • DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
  • FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
  • GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA
  • MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
  • MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
  • MEASURES OF RELATIVE STANDING
  • EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 19. Inferential Statistics
  • SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
  • ESTIMATION
  • HYPOTHESIS TESTING
  • HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN PRACTICE
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 19 APPENDIX: TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RECOMMENDED FOR DIFFERENT STATISTICAL TESTS
  • CHAPTER 20. Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research
  • INTERIM ANALYSIS
  • MEMOING
  • ANALYSIS OF VISUAL DATA
  • DATA ENTRY AND STORAGE
  • SEGMENTING, CODING, AND DEVELOPING CATEGORY SYSTEMS
  • FIRST-STAGE AND SECOND-STAGE CODING
  • ENUMERATION
  • THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CREATING HIERARCHICAL CATEGORY SYSTEMS
  • IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CATEGORIES
  • CORROBORATING AND VALIDATING RESULTS
  • COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
  • DATA ANALYSIS IN MIXED RESEARCH
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERMS
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • NOTES
  • CHAPTER 20 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL TYPES OF CODES FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
  • PART VI. WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT
  • CHAPTER 21. How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines
  • GENERAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT (I)
  • WRITING AN APA-STYLE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORT (II)
  • EXAMPLE OF AN APA-STYLE MANUSCRIPT
  • WRITING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS
  • WRITING MIXED RESEARCH REPORTS
  • ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION
  • SUMMARY
  • KEY TERM
  • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  • RESEARCH EXERCISES
  • PROPOSAL EXERCISES
  • RELEVANT INTERNET SITES
  • RECOMMENDED READING
  • APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS
  • GLOSSARY
  • REFERENCES
  • AUTHOR INDEX
  • SUBJECT INDEX
  • ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Recent Product Reviews:

Very comprehensive, nice background reading for any scholar conducting educational studies.
Professor Katie Goeman, Faculty of Economics & Business (Brussels), KU Leuven
This text provides a comprehensive introduction to research: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods are all covered well to provide a basic understanding in preparation for more advanced research methods courses.
Dr Stacy Kula, Teacher Education Dept, Azusa Pacific University
“The innovative structure of Educational Research paves the way for students to build a cohesive understanding of the research process and learn to appreciate various approaches to research design without positioning any one paradigm as the ‘default.’”
Christy Galletta Horner, Bowling Green State University
“Educational Research provides students the introduction that is needed for them to be both consumers and producers of educational research.”
David Schmid, University of Northern Iowa
“Educational Research is an excellent textbook that meets the needs for a course based on CACREP standards. Extremely reader friendly with helpful supplemental materials.”
Nancy L. Leech, University of Colorado Denver

Recommendations